Magic lanterns and the rise of ‘19th-century Netflix’

Before the first motion pictures were made, the Victorians were pioneering their own version of Netflix, new research shows.

As early as the 1840s, families in Britain could rent image projection devices called “magic lanterns” to cast visual spectacles of faraway lands, scenes from comic books or even major news events onto the walls of their own homes, according to new research unveiled at the British Association for Victorian Studies 2018 Annual Conference last week.

Across the nation, people would go to shows put on by “lanternists,” who would slot images painted or photographed on transparent plates into the projector and bring them to life using rudimentary special effects, narration, and theatrics.

To explore how magic lanterns might have been used in the home, Professor John Plunkett, a Victorian specialist at the University of Exeter, in England, pored over hundreds of 19th-century newspaper advertisements.

Bill Douglas Cinema Museum, University of Exeter

During the reign of Queen Victoria, "magic lanterns" were wildly popular image projection devices.

Victoria Stobo/Bill Douglas Cinema Museum

The lanterns projected images painted or photographed on transparent plates, often depicting fairytales, comics, or faraway lands.

Bill Douglas Cinema Museum, University of Exete

Thousands of lantern slides -- such as this one of Alice in Wonderland -- were widely available to purchase or hire at the time.

Bill Douglas Cinema Museum, University of Exeter

Magic lantern shows were particularly popular social events, like this 1858 Christmas lantern show illustrated here.

Bill Douglas Cinema Museum, University of Exeter

Lantern slides could be manipulated to produce special effects, like this chromatrope slide which could be wound to produce kaleidoscope patterns.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Some lanterns had two lenses working in tandem to project images onto the same spot and create the illusion of movement. In this lantern show in 1889, the audience watches rats "run" into a man's open mouth.

BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images

The stereoscope was another popular device at the time. Much like a virtual reality headset, when viewers looked into the eyepieces they would perceive two 2D photographs as 3D.

This Victorian stereoscopic photograph by Michael Burr is a recreation of a Henry Wallis' painting entitled 'Chatterton,' and was part of an exhibition at the Tate Britain in London in 2014.

Bill Douglas Cinema Museum, University of Exeter

In some of the larger stereoscope devices, viewers could insert up to 100 scenes to create their own tours around the world in 3D.

He found that booksellers, chemists, opticians and stationers would moonlight as magic lantern operators, advertising their devices, shows and content for hire in community newspapers.

“If you were in any British town or city, you would be able to go to your local high street and rent out lantern slides or a lantern show,” Plunkett tells CNN. “It was very much like having a Blockbuster shop just down the road.”

Customers could hire out just the equipment, or the “complete package” which included a lantern operator to put on the show.

Lantern shows were initially only for the well-to-do, he explains, and reserved for special occasions like Christmas or birthday parties.

But over time this form of home entertainment became such a successful commercial practice that small businesses began offering subscriptions to libraries of thousands of lantern slides, explains Plunkett.

He concludes that this Victorian model of media consumption closely resembles how people pay to view content on Netflix and Amazon today.

“This [research] shows that the practice was going on much earlier than people realize… and it was made up of lots of little local businesses,” he says.

Magic lantern specialists and founders of the Kent Museum of the Moving Image in England, Jocelyn Marsh and David Francis say the findings make sense.

“The research doesn’t surprise me and is very interesting,” Marsh tells CNN. “Local newspapers are a mine of information that has rarely been properly researched. It’s so great that this pattern of the past has been partially uncovered.”

The magic of the lantern

Businesses were advertising a vast range of slides including images depicting comics, fairytales, astronomy, scripture, travelogues and adaptations of popular novels, explains Plunkett.

But the crowd pleasers were undoubtedly the slides with grotesque or gothic special effects.

“By all accounts the most popular slide of the century was a moving slide showing you a sleeping man with an enormous beard in pajamas, and as he was snoring and opening his mouth there was a whole series of rats going down his throat into his stomach,” says Plunkett.

This was achieved using a lantern with two lenses working in tandem to project images onto the same spot, dissolving one into the other, he explains. In such a way the lanternist could manipulate movement, transform a scene from day to night or even make a ghost appear.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

The London Stereoscopic Company produced a comic series of photographs as a form of entertainment in the Victorian era. Here, we feature some of those images that delve into the world of the supernatural.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

The images were originally produced in stereo. Two similar images were taken and when viewed through a special viewer, called a stereoscope, they produced a three-dimensional image. In this image from 1864, six skeletons smoke around the dinner table.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

A white-caped figure wearing a Halloween pumpkin mask takes two people by surprise in their kitchen. Stereo images and viewers were a major craze at the time, and the The London Stereoscopic Company was a major player.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

An apparition appears to two country folk in their kitchen.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

A spectral figure hovers over a sleeping baby in a crib.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

The ghost of a woman appears to a girl at prayer by her bedside.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

A frightened man prays on his knees before an apparition.

London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images

A man clings to a tree in the face of an apparition in a forest.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

A woman gets a scare from a transparent apparition appearing in her kitchen on the stroke of 12.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

A ghostly figure visits a man reading in his sitting room.

3D tours of the world

From about the 1850s another device began to capture the public imagination — the stereoscope. Much like a virtual reality headset, when viewers looked into this eyepieces they would experience two photographs mounted next to one another as a single three-dimensional scene.

“On the big stereoscope devices you could have 100 scenes … so you could put in your own tour around the world in 3D,” says Plunkett.

He explains that local businesses and eventually national slide libraries would hire out both lantern slides and stereographs.

As with technology today, over time the content and devices became significantly cheaper and more accessible, he adds.

“There’s not just one magic lantern. It’s one technology, but there are all sorts of different devices at different prices to fit different audiences, much like the market for TVs and computers today,” he says.