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A SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule will bring home two NASA astronauts who have remained on board the International Space Station for about 80 days because of issues plaguing the Boeing Starliner spacecraft — marking a stunning turn of events for the beleaguered aerospace giant.
The news comes after the space agency held a formal review on Saturday to determine whether it would deem Boeing’s Starliner vehicle safe enough to return home with its crew — or if SpaceX’s workhorse Crew Dragon spacecraft would have to step in to save the day.
The Starliner vehicle, which carried astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore to the space station in early June, suffered setbacks with helium leaks and thrusters that abruptly stopped working on the initial leg of its first crewed test flight. Engineers spent weeks attempting to better understand the issues, and Boeing said as recently as August 2 that its “confidence remains high” that the spacecraft would be able to return Williams and Wilmore to Earth.
NASA revealed during an August 7 news briefing, however, that discussions within the space agency about the Starliner capsule’s safety had evolved — prompting the federal agency to more seriously consider flying the astronauts home on a SpaceX Crew Dragon vehicle, which has flown about a dozen crewed mission to space since 2020.
On Saturday, NASA administrator Bill Nelson said NASA considered its extensive experience with spaceflight — both successful and unsuccessful — when making the decision. A poll of NASA representatives from across the agency’s departments and research, oversight and development centers was unanimous, according to agency officials.
“We have had mistakes done in the past: We lost two space shuttles as a result of there not being a culture in which information could come forward,” Nelson said. “Spaceflight is risky, even at its safest and even at its most routine. And a test flight, by nature, is neither safe, nor routine.”
SpaceX is already slated to execute a routine mission to the International Space Station, carrying four astronauts as part of standard crew rotations aboard the orbiting laboratory. But the mission, called Crew-9, will now be reconfigured to carry two astronauts on board instead of four.
That adjustment will leave two empty seats for Williams and Wilmore to occupy on the Crew-9 flight home. The astronauts will also join the Crew-9 team, becoming part of the official ISS expedition. With that transition, Williams and Wilmore will remain on-site for an additional six months — the length of a routine mission to the space station.
The reassignment to Crew-9 will push the duo’s return to February 2025 at the earliest.
Starliner, however, will fly home empty in early September, NASA said Saturday.
If the uncrewed return trip goes well, NASA will then be faced with a critical decision: whether to grant Starliner official certification for human spaceflight — a step that would set up the vehicle to make routine trips to orbit — despite the fact that it did not complete its mission as intended.
No Boeing representatives were present at Saturday’s news conference.
In a statement Saturday, Boeing said it “continues to focus, first and foremost, on the safety of the crew and spacecraft. We are executing the mission as determined by NASA, and we are preparing the spacecraft for a safe and successful uncrewed return.”
Steve Stich, NASA’s Commercial Crew Program manager, said Saturday that there was “just a little disagreement (between NASA and Boeing) in terms of the level of risk.”
“It just depends on how you evaluate the risk,” Stich said. “We did it a little differently with our crew than Boeing did.”
Nelson later added that he is “100%” sure Boeing will address the issues and set up Starliner for another crewed mission at some point in the future.
SpaceX’s chief operating officer, Gwynne Shotwell, also responded to the news with a post on X, the social media platform formerly known as Twitter.
“SpaceX stands ready to support @NASA however we can,” Shotwell said.
Faulty thrusters
Five of the Starliner’s 28 “reaction control thrusters” quit working during the first stretch of Boeing’s test mission. All but one were eventually recovered.
And while Williams and Wilmore expected to spend only eight days in space, their stay aboard the orbiting lab has already been extended by roughly two months as engineers on the ground have worked to better understand the thruster problems.
Officials said they were able to recreate how the thrusters in space deteriorated during flight with tests on the ground. The possible root cause was heat building up inside the thrusters that may be causing insulating seals to bulge, restricting the flow of propellant, Boeing said.
Separately, issues with helium leaks may be the result of seals that have become degraded because of exposure to propellant vapor, according to comments from Mark Nappi, Boeing’s Commercial Crew Program manager, on July 25.
Still, NASA initially struggled to reach a consensus on how those issues might affect the astronauts’ return from space — and how much risk the problems would pose.
The ambiguity surrounding the level of risk is why the agency is turning to SpaceX and its workhorse Crew Dragon vessel to step in, Stich said Saturday.
“The bottom line relative to bringing Starliner back is — there was just too much uncertainty in the prediction of the thrusters,” he said. “It was just too much risk with the crew, and so we decided to pursue the uncrewed path forward.”
Starliner’s rocky path
NASA has repeatedly said that SpaceX’s ability to step in highlights how the space agency intentionally designed its Commercial Crew Program — under which both Starliner and Crew Dragon were developed — to allow each spacecraft to serve as backup for the other.
“We’re in a kind of a new situation here and that we’ve got multiple options,” said Ken Bowersox, associate administrator for NASA’s Space Operations Mission Directorate, on August 7. “That’s something that we’re going to have to deal with in the future — we could find ourselves in a situation where we need to bring a (SpaceX) Dragon crew or a (Russian) Soyuz crew back on a Starliner.
“That’s why we want multiple vehicles — so that we have that option,” Bowersox added.
Still, the federal agency funded SpaceX’s Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner at the same time in 2014. Crew Dragon has already been in operation for four years, while the Starliner program is hundreds of millions of dollars over budget and years behind schedule.
Boeing’s development process has also been plagued by missteps.
For example, the first Starliner test mission — flown in 2019 without a crew — misfired in orbit and cut the flight far short of expectations. The vehicle did not ultimately dock with the space station as intended, and the outcome was revealed to be a symptom of myriad software problems, including a coding error that set an internal clock off by 11 hours.
A second uncrewed flight test in May 2022 uncovered additional software issues, and the mission teams addressed problems with some of the vehicle’s thrusters. However, the root cause of the thruster trouble plaguing this crewed mission was missed two years ago.
Whether the Starliner vehicle ultimately becomes certified after its return to Earth will likely become a controversial issue, which is considered to be the most dangerous leg of the mission. The autonomous vehicle will have to use its thrusters to precisely orient itself as it plunges back into Earth’s thick atmosphere. The pressure and friction are expected to heat the vehicle’s exterior to roughly 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1,650 degrees Celsius).
Starliner’s parachutes must then deploy without issue and slow down the spacecraft before triggering airbags to expand and cushion the landing.
If the Starliner capsule is ultimately certified, it could join SpaceX’s Crew Dragon in making routine trips to the space station to rotate staff. Currently, those trips are occurring roughly every six months.
Weighing the costs
If the spacecraft is denied certification, however, it would mark yet another blow to Boeing’s already badly damaged reputation. Missing the mark could cost the company many millions of additional dollars — on top of the roughly $1.5 billion the company has already recorded in losses on the Starliner program.
“All of us really wanted to complete the (Boeing Starliner) test flight with crew, and I think unanimously we’re disappointed not to be able to do that,” Bowersox said Saturday. But “you don’t want that disappointment to weigh unhealthily in your decision.”
Boeing’s cost overruns have spurred recurrent rumors that Boeing may not see the Starliner program through.
Nelson said Saturday, however, that he recently spoke with Boeing’s new CEO, Kelly Ortberg, about Starliner’s status.
“I told him how well Boeing worked with our team to come to this decision,” Nelson said, “and he expressed to me an intention that they will continue to work (on) the problems once Starliner is back safely and that we will have our redundancy and our crewed access to the space station.”
It is not yet clear, however, who will shoulder the cost of additional testing and development that may be needed to get Starliner development to the finish line.
Nelson on Saturday reiterated that its deal with Boeing is a “fixed-price contract” — which means it is designed to be one lump sum and payments do not grow with delays as they do with alternative contracts, such as “cost plus.”
However, Nelson added, discussions about how much Boeing is willing to pay for additional testing was not part of his conversation with the CEO.
“I don’t have the answer to that, nor do I think we would have the answer,” Nelson said.