Azerbaijani Presidency/Handout/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Israeli President Isaac Herzog (L) meets with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev (R) in Baku, Azerbaijan on May 30.

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On September 19, the day Azerbaijan began its offensive in the majority Armenian region of Nagorno-Karabakh, Marut Vanyan heard an ominous noise in the sky over his hometown.

“I’m not a military expert,” Vanyan, a journalist, recalled. “But I heard very, very clearly… the roar above me. I’m sure it was a drone.”

Vanyan, a lifelong resident of Stepanakert, once Nagorno-Karabakh’s largest city, recognized the sound from 2020, when Azerbaijan waged a 44-day war for the territory and surrounding regions with the help of Turkish and Israeli weapons.

Vanyan took a video of the sky above Stepanakert, gray and cloudy, the whine of a propeller distinct in the background, and posted it on X.

According to Leonid Nersisyan, a defense analyst and researcher at the Applied Policy Research Institute (APRI) Armenia, an independent think tank, it was the sound of Israel Aerospace Industries’ Harop, a loitering munition known for the piercing noise it produces as it descends on a target.

Azerbaijani forces used the Harop – often referred to as a “suicide drone” – and other Israeli drones throughout the war of 2020. CNN has contacted IAI for comment.

Jack Guez/AFP/Getty Images
The nose of the Harop unmanned combat air vehicle developed by Israel Aerospace Industries is displayed during the Autonomous Robotics Unmanned System Expo, in the coastal city of Rishon Le Tsyion, south of Tel Aviv on November 26, 2014 .

Though their relationship is relatively discreet, Israeli equipment makes up most of Azerbaijan’s arms imports, according to arms researchers. Azerbaijani officials touted Israel’s weapons as integral to their country’s success in Nagorno-Karabakh during the 2020 war.

Israel’s ‘fingerprints’

Now, as over 100,000 ethnic Armenians have fled Nagorno-Karabakh in the latest conflict there, Israeli-Azerbaijani ties have come under scrutiny, with an editorial in Israel’s most prominent left-wing newspaper Haaretz proclaiming that the country’s “fingerprints are all over the ethnic cleansing” in Nagorno-Karabakh.

“Drones were used constantly” in the 2020 war, as well as in this latest conflict, a former lieutenant colonel in the Artsakh Defense Army – the Armenian separatist republic’s military force in Karabakh - told CNN on the condition of anonymity. (Artsakh is the Armenian name for Nagorno-Karabakh and the self-proclaimed republic that existed there.)

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Azerbaijan “used Harop kamikaze strike drones…Hermes-450 and Orbiter-1K, Orbiter-2, Orbiter-3 reconnaissance drones,” the ex-officer said. All were produced by Israeli arms companies.

Azerbaijan won the 2020 war in a little over a month, regaining much of the territory internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but populated and governed, until now, almost exclusively by ethnic Armenians, following the expulsion of ethnic Azeris in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

September’s battle barely took 24 hours, leaving the whole of Karabakh under the control of Azerbaijan after months of blockade. All of the roughly 120,000 ethnic Armenians in the territory have either fled to Armenia or are expected to flee, fearing full-fledged ethnic cleansing or mass atrocities, although Azerbaijan has insisted that it would respect their rights there.

Azerbaijan and Israel are close military partners. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), more than 60% of Azerbaijani weapons imports came from Israel between 2017 and 2020, making up 13% of Israeli exports during the same period. SIPRI research reveals that Azerbaijan purchased a wide variety of drones, missiles, and mortars from Israel between 2010 and 2020.

However, according to SIPRI senior researcher Pieter Wezeman, certain specifics are unknown about the extent of the ongoing Azerbaijani-Israeli weapons trade.

“We had quite some information before 2020 and then it stops,” Wezeman said. “And that doesn’t really make sense because in 2020 Azerbaijan used a significant amount of its equipment… Most likely they have continued their relationship with Israel, but that’s about as far as we know.”

The trade is believed to be particularly active in periods just before Azerbaijan has gone to war. A March 2023 investigative report by Haaretz found that flights by an Azerbaijani airline between Baku and Ovda air base, the only airport in Israel through which explosives can be flown, spiked in the months just before Azerbaijan attacked separatist positions in Karabakh in September 2020.

Likewise, Haaretz reported in mid-September that the same company flew between Baku and Ovda less than a week before Azerbaijan began its latest assault in Nagorno-Karabakh. CNN reached out to the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense and the airline in question, but did not receive a response. The Israeli Ministry of Defense, which oversees Ovda Airport, had no comment.

“We don’t know what was on board, but very likely it is something related to the military equipment that Israel already has supplied to Azerbaijan before,” Wezeman said.

Beyond guns and ammunition

The weapons trade between Israel and Azerbaijan mirrors their diplomatic relationship, once described in a leaked US diplomatic cable as “like an iceberg, nine-tenths of it… below the surface.” Despite decades of bilateral cooperation, Azerbaijan only opened an embassy in Israel this year.

Emmanuel Dunand/AFP/Getty Images
Azerbaijan soldiers stand guard as at the Lachin border station, as cars leave Karabakh to Armenia, on September 26.

But their ties go beyond guns and ammunition: OEC figures show that Israel bought 65% of its crude oil from Azerbaijan in 2021. The countries are also believed to share intelligence on Iran, Israel’s archenemy, with which Azerbaijan shares a border and which has a substantial ethnic Azeri population that constitutes the country’s largest minority. Azerbaijan has also reportedly allowed the Israeli spy agency Mossad to use it as a hub to spy on Iran. (The Israeli Ministry of Defense declined to comment on the matter.)

According to Efraim Inbar, an expert on Israel-Azerbaijan relations and president of the Jerusalem Institute for Strategy and Security, ties between the two have grown stronger since 2020.

“Oil and arms sales continue. Azerbaijan feels greater pressure from Iran whose international position is improving,” Inbar told CNN in an email. “There is no great sympathy (in Israel) for Armenia that is seen as an Iranian ally.”

In a recent interview with the Jerusalem Post, Armenia’s ambassador to Israel said Israeli weapons are being fired at “peaceful civilians” despite Israeli civil society being “very pro-Armenia in the case of Nagorno-Karabakh and recognition of the Armenian genocide.” (Israel’s government does not recognize the mass murder of Armenians by Ottoman forces during World War I as genocide, fearing damage to its relationship with Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire.)

Arms sales ‘good for Israel’

But there is little political opposition in the country to selling arms to Azerbaijan, Inbar said.

“Arms sales do not receive much publicity,” he added. “The contribution of Israeli drones to Azerbaijan’s war is well known, however. Israelis are proud of their weaponry. Arms sales are considered good for Israel.”

Yet despite their high visibility in Karabakh, the role of drones should not overshadow that of other Israeli weapons, according to Nersisyan, the defense analyst at APRI Armenia.

“People consider them to be some kind of a super weapon,” he said. “Of course, they are very important, but there are roles of other types of weapons.”

Among those are Israel’s LORA missiles, which Azerbaijan first purchased from Israel in 2017 according to SIPRI.

In October 2020, Azerbaijan repeatedly struck the area near an electrical substation in Stepanakert using Israeli-made weapons. The former lieutenant colonel in the Artsakh Defense Army told CNN he witnessed one of these attacks personally. The diameter and depth of the crater there showed that the Azerbaijani military had used a LORA missile, he said, adding that it hit a residential building.

The question remains as to how far Israel is willing to go in supporting Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia. An ongoing border crisis between the two countries has resulted in Azerbaijani incursions into Armenian territory, and Azerbaijani troops currently occupy land well within Armenia’s borders in its southern Syunik province. Many in Armenia worry that an emboldened Azerbaijan will attempt to invade their country, which Azerbaijan denies. Some fears center around Nakhchivan, a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan that borders Turkey and Armenia, and Baku’s desire for a transport corridor linking it with the rest of the country.

“Azerbaijan doesn’t have any military goals or objectives on the sovereign territory of the Republic of Armenia,” Hikmet Ajiyev, the foreign policy advisor to Ilham Aliyev, told Reuters on October 1.

Israeli ‘realpolitik’

Diego Herrera Carcedo/AFP/Getty Images
Young ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh in the town of Goris during evacuations to Armenia on October 1.
Aziz Karimov/AP
Sergey Astsetryan, an ethnic Armenian resident of Nagorno-Karabakh, shows his belongings as Azerbaijani border guards check his vehicle at military checkpoint on the Lachin corridor on October 1.
Diego Herrera Carcedo/AFP/Getty Images
Ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh in Goris, Armenia, on September 30.
Diego Herrera Carcedo/AFP/Getty Images
People from Nagorno-Karabakh in Goris town center on September 30.
AP
An aerial view of the tent camp for ethnic Armenians arriving in Goris from Nagorno-Karabakh on September 29.
Hayk Baghdasaryan/Photolure/AP
Paramedics and employees transport a sick Nagorno-Karabakh woman from Goris to the Erebuni Medical Center in Yerevan, Armenia, on September 29.
Vahan Stepanyan/PAN Photo/AP
Ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh drive to Goris on September 28.
Vasily Krestyaninov/AP
Volunteers distribute food to ethnic Armenians arriving in Goris from Nagorno-Karabakh on September 28.
Alain Jocard/AFP/Getty Images
People in the back of a truck after crossing the border near Kornidzor on September 28.
Anatoly Matlsev/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
People help move a broken-down car near Kornidzor on September 28.
Alain Jocard/AFP/Getty Images
People fleeing Nagorno-Karabakh sit on the back of a truck near Kornidzor on September 28.
Alain Jocard/AFP/Getty Images
A woman cries after crossing the border near Kornidzor on September 27.
Alain Jocard/AFP/Getty Images
People from Nagorno-Karabakh board a bus near a Red Cross registration center in Goris, Armenia, on September 27.
Irakli Gedenidze/Reuters
David Harapetyan, an ethnic Armenian and taxi driver who came to Kornidzor from Russia to provide assistance, hands food and water to people from Nagorno-Karabakh on September 27.
Anthony Pizzoferrato/Middle East Images/AFP/Getty Images
Greta and Marieta wait to reunite with relatives after arriving in Goris on September 27.
Maxar Technologies
This satellite image shows a traffic jam along the Lachin corridor as ethnic Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh on September 26. The Lachin corridor is the one road connecting the landlocked enclave to Armenia. The road was only recently opened to allow residents to flee.
Vasily Krestyaninov/AP
Ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh walk along the road leading to Kornidzor, where a humanitarian hub has been created, on September 26.
Emmanuel Dunand/AFP/Getty Images
Azerbaijani soldiers conduct traffic as cars line up to leave for Armenia on September 26.
Alain Jocard/AFP/Getty Images
Former Nagorno-Karabakh residents at a hotel room in Goris after crossing the Armenian border on September 26.
Vasily Krestyaninov/AP
Ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh line up to receive humanitarian aid at a temporary camp in Goris on September 26.
Vasily Krestyaninov/AP
A girl from Nagorno-Karabakh looks out from a car while traveling to Armenia on September 26.
Astrig Agopian/Getty Images
Samantha Power, the administrator of the US Agency for International Development, speaks to the press after visiting the humanitarian hub in Kornidzor on September 26. Power said many of those who had arrived were suffering from "severe malnutrition," according to doctors at the scene. "It is absolutely critical that independent monitors as well as humanitarian organizations get access to the people in Nagorno-Karabakh who still have dire needs," she said.
Astrig Agopian/Getty Images
Volunteers in Kornidzor give apples to people from Nagorno-Karabakh on September 26.
Irakli Gedenidze/Reuters
Karine Djagaryan, who fled Nagorno-Karabakh, hugs her father, Novlet, as they meet in Kornidzor on September 26.
Astrig Agopian/Getty Images
Ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh arrive in Kornidzor on September 26.
David Ghahramanyan/Reuters
Vehicles carrying people leaving Nagorno-Karabakh queue on the road leading towards the Armenian border September 25.
Astrig Agopian/Getty Images
A family arrives at the Red Cross humanitarian hub set up in Kornidzor on September 25.
Alain Jocard/AFP/Getty Images
People who fled Nagorno-Karabakh sit on a bus after registering at the Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs near the border town of Kornidzor on September 24.

Some in the international community are calling for action against Azerbaijan in the wake of the Armenian exodus from Karabakh. In the United States, where there is a large Armenian diaspora, nearly 100 members of Congress have called for sanctions on Baku, and lawmakers in the European Union have also called on the bloc to consider punitive measures.

Wezeman, the researcher at SIPRI, said Israel could come under pressure from its Western allies to reconsider arms sales to Azerbaijan.

“It will damage its relations with Azerbaijan, but at the same time, Israel will have to think about its relations with European states, which are more important partners.”

A spokesperson for the Israeli Ministry of Defense said they had no comment when reached by CNN.

Efraim Inbar said Israel wants to keep its reputation of being a reliable supplier to Azerbaijan.

“In any case,” he added, “Azerbaijan is much more important for Israel than Armenia. It is realpolitik that drives Israeli foreign policy.”