(CNN) Mandates that require employees to be vaccinated against Covid-19 have spurred workers to get vaccinated in recent weeks -- yet some holdouts have been suspended or lost their jobs, and workplaces are scrambling to cover potential shortages.
The tradeoff -- a disrupted workplace in the short term in exchange for widespread protection against Covid -- has been particularly evident in New York, which instituted a vaccine mandate for health care workers starting Monday.
Statewide, 92% of nursing home staff, 89% of adult care facilities staff, and 92% of hospital staff have received at least one Covid-19 vaccine dose. Those numbers increased considerably over the last four weeks, Gov. Kathy Hochul said.
"This new information shows that holding firm on the vaccine mandate for health care workers is simply the right thing to do to protect our vulnerable family members and loved ones from COVID-19," she said.
New York City's public health system similarly has 92% of health care workers vaccinated following the mandate, a jump from last week, when around 85% of such workers were vaccinated, New York Mayor Bill de Blasio told CNN.
He encouraged private businesses to institute similar requirements and said the mandates had proven to be "strikingly effective" in pushing people to get vaccinated.
"In the end, when it comes down to it you have to choose: Are you going to be able to keep that job, keep that paycheck, do the right thing, get vaccinated? The vast majority of people choose to get vaccinated," he said.
"I think to some extent, this is just a human reality. We all respond to deadlines. We all respond to rules," he added.
Outside of the medical field, United Airlines instituted a vaccine mandate that began Monday for its 67,000 employees. CEO Scott Kirby said 96% of the company's employees have been vaccinated; excluding employees who requested exemptions, 99% have been vaccinated. The company said it has started the separation process for 593 employees who did not get at least one vaccine dose and upload a record to the company's health portal by midnight.
"There's no question that this is the right thing to do for safety and when it's the right thing to do for safety, just do it, and you'll figure out all the complications, just like we did," Kirby said.
He acknowledged the mandate may have made some employees mad, but said the tradeoff was worth it.
"I know that there are United Airlines employees who got vaccinated because of this, who will be alive a year from now, who would not be had we not done this. ... And that means far more to me than the small minority of the fewer than 1% that chose to leave," he said.
Taken together, the evidence so far indicates vaccine mandates work in pushing people to get vaccinated, said Dr. Sanjay Gupta, CNN chief medical correspondent.
That has been evident since before Covid-19 was even discovered, he said. For example, in the 2019-20 influenza season, US health care workers had a 94% vaccination rate in workplaces that mandated the flu shot, while workers had just a 70% vaccination rate in places that did not require it, according to a CDC study.
"They work," Gupta said of mandates. "It's tough that some people lose their jobs over this, but those numbers sort of speak for themselves."
The mandates, though, have also caused staffing issues at several New York hospitals.
No health care facilities closed due to the mandate, but the Erie County Medical Center had to suspend elective inpatient procedures due to worker shortages. At the system's Terrace View Long-Term Care facility, over 20% of employees were unvaccinated and so suspended without pay.
St Joseph's Health in Syracuse, too, suspended 122 employees who were not vaccinated, and the hospital said that some services may be paused due to the worker shortage.
"We are examining all our options to help ease the burden this may put on our staff, including pausing some services, consolidating our (operating rooms) and adjusting elective surgeries," marketing and communications director Jamie Arnold said Wednesday.
The suspended employees have until October 8 to get vaccinated "or face separation," said Arnold. As of Tuesday, nearly 97% of the health care system's 3,810 employees were compliant with the vaccine mandate.
Other hospitals said patient care has not been compromised in light of the staffing losses, though several have had to adjust worker schedules.
The St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, which serves the Bronx, has 58 employees who have failed to show proof of vaccination as of Wednesday, spokesman Steve Clark told CNN. The employees are suspended and have until Monday morning to show proof of vaccination. If they don't, they'll be terminated, Clark said.
"Patient care has not been compromised at all," said Clark. "Schedules have been created accordingly. People will work overtime, or part-timers or agency personnel will be brought in when necessary. We believe that when all is said on Monday morning -- when the 'grace period' ends -- that the number of terminations will be relatively small."
In New York City's public hospital system, Health + Hospitals, about 3,000 employees remain unvaccinated, CEO Dr. Mitch Katz said Wednesday. That total is 2,000 fewer unvaccinated employees than on Monday morning, suggesting the mandate spurred them to get the shot.
Katz noted that since many employees do not work a normal Monday through Friday schedule, many workers within the hospital system still have time to get vaccinated before their first work shift this week. He said he also expects more workers to get vaccinated once they realize they won't be getting their paychecks.
About 500 temporary nurses are ready to fill vacancies as needed, he said.
New York City has also mandated that public school employees, including teachers, be vaccinated by Friday after the policy cleared a lawsuit.
Mayor de Blasio said that, like with the health care mandate, the deadline has spurred school staff to get vaccinated. On Wednesday morning, he said 7,000 more school staff were vaccinated in the city this past Friday and Saturday, and 3,000 were vaccinated in just the last 24 hours.
Those who do not get vaccinated, though, will be put on leave and could ultimately be let go if they continue to refuse. That has led to concerns about a shortage of teachers at a precarious time for the education system.
If a significant number of teachers are pushed out, the mayor said that substitute teachers and "a lot of young people who want to go into the teaching profession," who are ready and vaccinated, will take on those roles.
However, two prominent local unions, United Federation of Teachers (UFT) and the Council of School Supervisors and Administrators (CSA), warned that the city would face serious shortages if unvaccinated staff are kept out of schools.
"The truth is, at this point, principals and superintendents have been reaching out consistently to tell us that they are concerned about not having enough staff come Tuesday morning," CSA president Mark Cannizzaro said last week.
"We're probably going to land up in a place where, all right, we have five schools in this district that need three or four teachers, and then we have two other schools in the district that need 25 teachers," said Michael Mulgrew, president of the UFT, which represents nearly 200,000 public school teachers and other professionals.
For his part, de Blasio said he would not require vaccines for children in schools, saying it was more important to get children into schools after Covid-19 kept people remote for so long.
"If a parent says I'm not gonna get my kid vaccinated, I don't want to penalize the kid," he said.