(CNN) Nigeria has been rocked by days of nationwide protests over police brutality, following widespread claims of kidnapping, harassment and extortion by a controversial police unit known as the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS).
The protests turned bloody on Tuesday in Lagos, the country's largest city, as rallies continued despite a state-wide curfew. Eyewitnesses told CNN that multiple demonstrators had been shot dead by Army soldiers, who then took the bodies away.
President Muhammadu Buhari issued a statement appealing for "understanding and calm" Wednesday as scenes of chaos unfolded in the city, with buildings set alight and police stations attacked. Further unrest broke out Thursday in the affluent Ikoyi neighborhood of Lagos. Eyewitnesses said they heard gunshots and saw fire and smoke coming from a prison there.
The inspector general of police announced on October 11 that the controversial SARS unit was being disbanded and its officers redeployed. But protests have continued in cities across the country, with some young Nigerians insisting they will continue to take to the streets until the entire police force is reformed.
According to human rights group Amnesty International, at least 56 people have died across Nigeria since the #EndSARS protests began on October 8, with 38 killed across the country on Tuesday alone.
For more than a quarter of a century, SARS took the lead on the country's most serious crimes -- armed robbery, kidnapping, assault and murder. But over time it has become notorious for alleged abuses committed with apparent impunity.
The government promised to overhaul the unit in 2018 following a months-long social media campaign by Nigerian activists protesting alleged human rights abuses by the squad. In January 2019, the police announced further reforms to the unit.
But critics say the #EndSARS campaign has resulted in little change.
Amnesty International released a damning report in June this year in which it said it had documented 82 cases of police brutality in Nigeria between 2017 and 2020.
"Detainees in SARS custody have been subjected to a variety of methods of torture including hanging, mock execution, beating, punching and kicking, burning with cigarettes, waterboarding, near-asphyxiation with plastic bags, forcing detainees to assume stressful bodily positions and sexual violence," the report said.
"Findings from our research indicate that few cases are investigated and hardly any officers are brought to justice on account of torture and other ill-treatment."
When contacted by CNN earlier this month regarding allegations of misconduct by SARS officers, Lagos state spokesman Muyiwa Adejobi said that all complaints against its officers were carefully investigated and appropriate sanctions applied to offenders. He encouraged people affected by police misconduct to report the abuses.
After weeks of outcry online from young people in the country over claims of kidnapping, harassment and extortion by SARS, protesters began taking to the streets about two weeks ago.
While the demonstrations have been largely peaceful, police have been accused of using excessive force against some protesters, allegedly causing a number of deaths and injuries.
Amnesty International said in a tweet Tuesday that "thugs and sponsored hoodlums" were also attacking peaceful protesters across the country.
The #EndSARS campaign gained increased traction globally after international celebrities such as US rapper Kanye West, singer Trey Songz (real name Tremaine Aldon Neverson), former professional footballer Rio Ferdinand and "Star Wars" actor John Boyega spoke out in support of the protests.
Members of the Nigerian diaspora community also organized protests in solidarity with their counterparts at home, with demonstrations held as far afield as Canada, England, Germany and the United States.
As public anger mounted, the Inspector General of Police, Mohammed Abubakar Adamu, announced the dissolution of SARS on October 11. In a video the following day, Buhari addressed the "genuine concerns and agitations by Nigerians about the excessive use of force, and in some cases extrajudicial killings and wrongful conduct, by men of the Nigerian police force."
Buhari said the disbanding of SARS was "only the first step" in extensive police reform. "We will also ensure that all those responsible for misconduct or wrongful acts are brought to justice," the president added, insisting that "the vast majority of men and women of the police force are hard-working and diligent in performing their duties."
A new tactical police unit, the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team, has been created to "fill the gaps" left by the disbandment of SARS and will be trained by the International Committee of the Red Cross, Reuters reported Monday.
But protesters are demanding wider reforms and further protections against the police, including independent oversight and psychological evaluation of officers.
Amnesty said many doubt the promised changes will make a difference. "Nigerians are skeptical of authorities' pledge to end police atrocities because the past claims of reforming SARS have turned out to be empty words," the rights group tweeted Monday.
A 17-year-old died in police custody on Monday in Kano, a city in the north of the country, after allegedly being tortured, according to Amnesty International.
Many protesters and journalists were assaulted by police in the capital Abuja on the same day, the rights group said. Videos on social media show dozens of cars belonging to protesters burning and Amnesty said three people had died.
Violence erupted Tuesday evening in Lagos, hours after state governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu imposed a 24-hour curfew and deployed anti-riot police to the city in an attempt to prevent further unrest.
Eyewitnesses told CNN they had seen multiple demonstrators shot by soldiers during a peaceful protest at the city's Lekki tollgate.
Human rights group Amnesty International said that after an on-the-ground investigation it had found that 12 people were killed during protests in two locations in Lagos on Tuesday, Lekki and Alausa, a district further north.
It said that "evidence gathered from eyewitnesses, video footage and hospital reports" confirmed that over a period of about two hours "the Nigerian military opened fire on thousands of people who were peacefully calling for good governance and an end to police brutality."
The army has dismissed reports that protesters were shot dead as "fake news." The Nigerian Army and police did not return requests for comment.
Eyewitness Akinbosola Ogunsanya, a talk show host on Afrosurge Radio, said the shooting began shortly after the lights at the tollgate were switched off. "Members of the Nigerian army pulled up on us and they started firing," he said. "I just survived, barely."
Another witness, Temple Onanugbo, spoke to CNN from his home nearby and said he heard what he believed were bullets being fired. He said the sound lasted "for about 15 to 30 minutes." Onanugbo said he saw "multiple bodies laying on the ground."
CNN couldn't independently corroborate the witness accounts.
The state government has ordered an investigation into the incident, a spokesman for the governor said.
Nigerians have called on Buhari to address the nation directly and apologize for the onslaught. The statement issued by the President on Wednesday, signed by his special adviser, Femi Adesina, did not mention the attacks.