Washington(CNN) Welcome to CNN's fact check coverage of the eleventh Democratic presidential debate from Washington, DC, ahead of the nation's third super Tuesday, where primaries will be held in Arizona, Florida, Illinois and Ohio on March 17.
In a debate hosted by CNN and Univision, front-runner and former Vice President Joe Biden, who leads by over 100 delegates, and Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders faced off in the first one-on-one debate of the 2020 election cycle.
In a press conference last week, Sanders specifically listed several questions he would be asking Biden, including what he would do to help those with medically related debt, how he would reduce mass incarceration, and what he would do to tackle climate change, student debt and wealth disparity.
In an attempt to show himself as a longtime leader on several progressive fronts, Sanders said Sunday that Biden "since the campaign has come around" on progressive issues, including minimum wage increases.
At CNN, we start with the facts. Visit CNN's home for Facts First.
"I talked about raising that minimum wage, 15 bucks an hour, four years ago," Sanders said at Sunday night's Democratic presidential debate.
"So did I, and I went out and campaigned for it," Biden replied.
"$15 an hour?" Sanders asked.
"$15 an hour in New York City. Go talk to the governor," Biden shot back.
"I will talk to the governor. I am not aware of that," Sanders said.
Facts First: Biden is correct.
As Vice President, Biden campaigned with New York Democratic Gov. Andrew Cuomo in 2015 to increase the state minimum wage to $15 an hour.
The governor signed legislation -- part of the 2016-2017 New York budget -- that will gradually increase the state's minimum wage to $15 an hour completely by 2021.
-- Holmes Lybrand
Asked whether he would order a national lockdown to combat the coronavirus pandemic, Biden took a swipe at Sanders' "Medicare for All" proposal. He pointed to Italy, saying that its single-payer health care system hasn't worked to stem the outbreak there.
"It has nothing to do with Medicare for All. That would not solve the problem at all," Biden said at CNN's Democratic Debate on Sunday night.
Facts First: This is partly true. As the experience of Italy and other countries shows, having universal coverage and a government-run health system is not enough on its own to stem the spread of coronavirus. But the US is at a disadvantage in fighting the coronavirus because tens of millions of Americans are uninsured or face high out-of-pocket costs before their insurance kicks in -- which may make people hesitant to seek testing or treatment.
Health care experts in the US are concerned that the coronavirus will spread more widely because ill Americans will avoid getting checked out because of the potential cost. Medicare for All calls for all Americans to have coverage with no out-of-pocket charges.
Nearly 28 million non-elderly people -- or 10.4% -- were uninsured in 2018, according to the US Census Bureau. And those who have insurance through their jobs still face annual deductibles of about $1,655, on average, before coverage kicks in, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation's Employer Health Benefits Survey.
"Addressing coronavirus with tens of millions of people without health insurance or with inadequate insurance will be a uniquely American challenge among developed countries," tweeted Larry Levitt, executive vice president for health policy at Kaiser. "It will take money to treat people and address uncompensated care absorbed by providers."
But federal and state officials, as well as insurers, have stepped up to make sure that Americans can get the coronavirus test at no cost. Many insurers have said they will waive fees for certain members. Several states have also required insurers to waive the cost of the test for some policyholders.
The House bipartisan legislative package, which lawmakers passed in the early hours of Saturday morning, also calls for "free coronavirus testing for everyone who needs a test, including the uninsured," said Speaker Nancy Pelosi in a letter to House Democrats.
President Donald Trump has tweeted his support of the package. The Senate is expected to take up the measure when it returns to session this week.
-- Tami Luhby
During the debate, Biden claimed that the US chose not to take testing kits for the coronavirus from the World Health Organization (WHO).
"Look, the World Health Organization offered the testing kits that they have available and to give it to us now," Biden said. "We refused them. We did not want to buy them. We did not want to get them from them. We wanted to make sure we had our own."
Facts First: Biden's characterization that the WHO offered the US tests is incorrect.
Laboratories in Germany developed tests to detect the coronavirus which the WHO adopted and by last week, the WHO sent out tests to 120 countries. Other countries, like the US and China, chose to develop their own tests, according to the Washington Post.
As CNN reported Wednesday, no discussions occurred between the WHO and the CDC about providing tests to the United States, WHO spokesperson Tarik Jasarevic told CNN on Tuesday, and the WHO did not offer coronavirus tests to the CDC.
During a press conference Tuesday, administration officials were asked about Biden's comments during the debate. Dr. Deborah Birx, the White House coronavirus response coordinator, told reporters that organizations and groups "can submit their testing kits through our regulatory processes, but without that and without a plan, we are not going to accept tests that have not been studied by us."
President Donald Trump, when asked Tuesday about Biden's comments, told reporters Biden "made a mistake" and assumed "that he'll apologize."
Andrew Bates, a spokesman for the Biden campaign, told CNN in response that "Donald Trump cannot deflect responsibility for mishandling of the administration's response to the coronavirus outbreak. The United States lags far behind other countries in terms of having enough tests available for our citizens."
Testing in the US
On February 12, the Center for Disease Control reported that some of the coronavirus test kits shipped to labs across the country were not working as they should.
As a result, the CDC remade parts of the test kits after some produced inconclusive test results.
As of Sunday, almost two months after the coronavirus was first detected in the US, 22,713 specimens had been tested in the US according to the CDC's website, where you can find daily updates here.
Experts have criticized the country's seeming inability to produce more tests.
Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and one of the experts leading the administration's response to the coronavirus told Congress Thursday that the US was "failing" when it came to getting Americans tested.
"It is a failing, let's admit it," Fauci said. "The idea of anybody getting it easily, the way people in other countries are doing it, we're not set up for that."
CORRECTION: The Facts First finding on Biden's claim about the US and WHO testing kits was corrected after additional reporting that showed the WHO did not offer coronavirus tests to the CDC.
-- Holmes Lybrand
In an exchange about how the government bailed out banks during the 2008 financial crisis, Biden asserted that Sanders voted against a bailout for the auto industry.
"Part of that was bailing out the automobile industry -- saving thousands of jobs, tens of thousands of jobs over time. He voted against that," Biden said.
Sanders immediately rejected the claim, saying: "No, I did not vote against that."
Facts First: Sanders is right, but this needs context. Sanders voted for a bill that would have bailed out the auto industry -- but it failed to pass the Senate. He voted against a different bailout measure, the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP, which passed. That program released money to banks -- and a portion of that money eventually went to automakers.
In the midst of the financial crisis, the government bailed out failing banks to try to stabilize the economy. Automakers, facing cratering sales, were also headed towards insolvency and the government stepped in to rescue the industry and the jobs it provides.
Sanders did vote in December of 2008 to bring an auto bailout bill to the floor. But the motion failed and that particular piece of legislation never came to a full vote.
But Sanders voted against TARP, which was used to bail out the banks. When this measure was first proposed, there were no plans to use the money for the auto industry. But first President George W. Bush and then President Barack Obama used some of the TARP funds to bailout automakers.
Sanders opposed TARP when it passed in October 2008. He also joined with Republicans who sought to stop the distribution of additional TARP funds in January 2009.
-- Katie Lobosco
Sanders on Sunday cited two figures about the number of people he claimed die because of the inadequacy of the US health care system.
Sanders said "at least 30,000" people died in the US last year because they didn't get health care when they should have. He also said that "up to 60,000 people" die, "in a good year," because "they don't get to a doctor on time."
Facts First: The true number of Americans who die because they are uninsured or lack adequate coverage is not known. Some studies suggest the number is in the tens of thousands per year, but other experts have expressed skepticism that the number is as high as Sanders says.
When CNN inquired in February about a previous version of Sanders' claim about 30,000 deaths, the senator's campaign pointed to a new study in The Lancet medical journal that found "ensuring health-care access for all Americans would save more than 68,000 lives...every year compared with the status quo."
But other experts have cast doubt on the findings of the study, noting that the estimate of more than 68,000 lives saved relied on an earlier paper -- from 2009, before the Affordable Care Act came into existence -- that arrived at a higher figure than other analyses have.
-- Daniel Dale
Biden during the debate was asked what lessons he learned from his 2002 vote to authorize war in Iraq, which he has called a mistake.
Biden, who was a US senator at the time of his vote, responded, "I learned that I can't take the word of a President when in fact they assured me that they would not use force. Remember the context. The context was the United Nations Security Council was going to vote to insist that we allow inspectors into determining whether or not...they were, in fact, producing nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction. They were not."
Sanders responded, "Everybody in the world knew that when you voted for that resolution you were giving (President George W.) Bush the authority to go to war. And everybody knew that's exactly what he and (Vice President Dick) Cheney wanted to do."
Facts First: Biden's claim is misleading by omission. Biden was an advocate of ending the Saddam Hussein regime for more than a year before the war began in 2003. While Biden did begin calling his 2002 vote a "mistake" in 2005, he was a public supporter of the war in 2003 and 2004 -- and he made clear in 2002 and 2003, both before and after the war started, that he had known he was voting to authorize a possible war, not only to try to get inspectors into Iraq. It's also unclear whether Bush ever made Biden any kind of promise related to the use of force.
In a February 2003 speech in Delaware, before the war began, Biden said, "Let everyone here be absolutely clear: I supported the resolution to go to war. I am NOT opposed to war to remove weapons of mass destruction from Iraq. I am NOT opposed to war to remove Saddam from those weapons if it comes to that." In a July 2003 speech at the Brookings Institution, after the war began, Biden said: "Nine months ago, I voted with my colleagues to give the president of the United States of America the authority to use force and I would vote that way again today. It was the right vote then and would be a correct vote today."
You can read longer articles on Biden's claims about his stance on the Iraq war here, here and here.
Bush denies ever having made Biden a promise not to go to war. After Biden made a version of this claim in 2019, saying Bush had made the pledge in an Oval Office meeting, a spokesman for Bush told NPR, "I'm sure it's just an innocent mistake of memory, but this recollection is flat wrong."
It's true that Biden criticized Bush's approach to diplomacy in the lead-up to the war, that Biden warned in the lead-up to the war that Bush was not being honest about how hard the war would be, and that he criticized Bush's handling of the war from its first weeks on. But, again, Biden made clear that he supported the war despite that criticism.
-- Daniel Dale
During an exchange about Sanders' views on authoritarian countries, Biden claimed that China's income gains have been "marginal."
"China is undoubtedly an authoritarian society, OK. But would anybody deny, any economist deny that extreme poverty in China today is much less than what it was 40 or 50 years ago? That's a fact," Sanders said.
"The idea that they, in fact, have increased the wealth of people in that country, it's been marginal the change that has taken place," Biden responded.
Facts First: This is false. China has seen a significant upswing in terms of standard of living over the past two decades -- though the country still significantly lags the US and extreme poverty remains a reality for many.
One way to measure standard of living is through a country's gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. In other words, looking at a country's GDP per person in international dollars, a hypothetical currency used to measure purchasing parity between different countries.
For China, that measure has increased to $18,237 per capita in 2018 from $2,936 in 2000, and $988 in 1990, according to data from the World Bank.
However, China is still far from wealthy relative to the US, where GDP per capita at purchasing power parity stood at around $62,795 in 2018.
-- Anneken Tappe
In an exchange on Social Security, Biden denied Sanders' claim that Biden talked about "the necessity with pride about cutting social security, cutting Medicare, cutting veterans programs."
Fact First: This Sanders' claim needs a lot of context. Biden did repeatedly support freezes in Social Security spending and at times called for raising the retirement age. In 2011, he said "changes" would have to be made to entitlements, saying they wouldn't be sustainable -- but he didn't specify what changes. Overall, the claim leaves out that Biden was typically talking about any changes to entitlements in the context of a broader legislative package.
Sanders and Biden's exchanges on Social Security have been covered by fact checkers before from the Washington Post, Politifact, and FactCheck.org.
Biden did at least twice discuss raising the retirement age throughout his career as a senator. And throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Biden supported freezes in Social Security spending during budget reduction negotiations.
And comments Biden made during a 1995 speech on the Senate floor show he was willing to make cuts to Medicare, but only as part of a broader deal that did not advocate cuts as big as Republicans want.
"You guys want a balanced budget in 7 years, and you want CBO numbers. I want a balanced budget, too, but I do not want to cut as much Medicare as you do. I do not want to cut as much as you do, and I do not want to give as big a tax break as you want.''
Sanders also defended himself tonight when asked by CNN's moderators about 1996 comments he made, first reported by the Associated Press, where he wrote in an op-ed we will "have to make incremental adjustments in Social Security taxes and benefits — as Congress has done in the past."
Sanders said Sunday he never supported cuts to Social Security and in the same op-ed he did say he opposed proposed cuts by the Republican-led Congress to entitlement programs.
In multiple op-eds and press releases from 1997, Sanders made clear he opposed any cuts to Social Security. The adjustment Sanders was discussing was making the tax system more progressive.
"If we are serious about saving Social Security, not raising taxes on the middle class, and not cutting back on benefits desperately needed by many senior citizens, we must adjust this artificial ceiling on Social Security taxes and make the Social Security tax more progressive."
-- Andrew Kaczynski
Sanders confronted Biden about his long history of support for the Hyde Amendment, which prevents federal funds from being used for abortion except in cases of rape, incest or where there is a danger to the life of the mother.
Biden responded that he "affirmatively came out and opposed the Hyde Amendment" -- and "did that a while ago, okay?"
Facts First: Biden reversed his position on the amendment less than a year ago, in June 2019, so the accuracy of the claim depends on your definition of "a while ago."
Biden said upon his June 2019 reversal that he made "no apologies" for his past support of the amendment. He argued that "times have changed," since, he argued, the right to choose "was not under attack as it is now" from Republicans and since "women's rights and women's health are under assault like we haven't seen in the last 50 years."
He also said that he had decided he could not simultaneously put forward a health care plan to give people the option to sign on to a federally funded health insurance program while he also continued to support an amendment that would deny abortion using federal funds.
-- Daniel Dale
Sanders and Biden had a heated exchange about super PACs. Sanders claimed a super PAC tied to Biden is running "very ugly negative ads" against him, while Biden argued that Sanders has nine super PACs working on his behalf.
Facts First: While it's unclear which ad Sanders was referring to, at least one super PAC connected to Biden, Unite the Country, ran a large television ad campaign that implicitly criticized Sanders without mentioning him by name..
As for Biden's claim about Sanders' nine super PACs, Sanders does have the backing of a network of progressive groups, which includes nine organizations that are part of the People Power for Bernie coalition, as The Washington Post recently has reported.
But most groups supporting Sanders are not super PACs, instead operating as politically active non-profits.
After decrying super PACs in the past, Biden reversed his position last October as he struggled to raise money for the 2020 campaign, and embraced help from Unite the Country, which has spent more than $10 million to help him.
Kantar Media's Campaign Media Analysis Group (CMAG) data shows that Unite the Country has spent more than $1.1 million on a 30-second ad called, "A Democrat," that takes some digs at Sanders without mentioning him by name.
For instance, it includes a clip from a Biden speech, in which Biden says" Democrats want a nominee who's a Democrat" -- an apparent challenge to the party bonafides of Sanders, who serves as an independent in the US Senate and describes himself as a democratic socialist.
As for Sanders, he does have the support a super PAC affiliated with National Nurses United, which has spent about $750,000 so far, according to the nonpartisan Center for Responsive Politics.
When Sanders asked Biden to name the nine super PACs in question, the former vice president responded: "Come on. Give me a break."
-- Fredreka Schouten