Trump nixes North Korea talks but are they really a waste of time?

(CNN) Since hitting the road as Secretary of State in February this year, Rex Tillerson has visited 21 countries and covered some 95,000 miles.

He has rarely spoken to the media during those travels, frustrating the State Department press corps that usually accompanies the nation's top diplomat on his travels overseas.

But during a recent trip to Beijing he was uncharacteristically forthcoming, telling reporters that the US maintained "direct contact" with North Korea.

His candor was met with an agitated response -- not from the media, but from his boss back home.

Responding to questions about a diplomatic channel being opened, Tillerson said the US was not "in a dark situation or a blackout, we have a couple of direct channels to Pyongyang. We can talk to them. We do talk to them. Directly, through our own channels," CNN reported.

That Washington has such direct lines of communication with the Kim regime presented a rare moment of optimism that tensions might diminish, at a time when both leaders have aimed incendiary rhetoric in each other's direction.

But the revelation -- and the hope it might have encapsulated -- was quickly shot down by US President Donald Trump, who dismissed his Secretary of State's efforts as "wasting his time."

"Save your energy Rex, we'll do what has to be done!" Trump tweeted from his personal account on Sunday.

He followed up five hours later with another tweet, declaring that "Being nice to Rocket Man hasn't worked in 25 years, why would it work now?" referring to North Korea's Kim Jong-un, who inherited the mantle of leadership from his father in 2011. He said past White House administrations had been unsuccessful. "I won't fail," he declared.

But has Tillerson really been wasting his time? How effective can diplomacy be at this juncture of an increasingly tense standoff?

Channels, back channels and academic retreats

For a country that is largely isolated diplomatically, North Korea does have several means to communicate with even its adversaries.

• A key avenue is the New York channel -- via the North Korean mission at the UN headquarters in Manhattan. The main contacts there are Ambassador Pak Song Il and Counselor Kwon Jong Geun, says CNN's Will Ripley, who regularly travels to North Korea. "The channel is always open on some level," he said. It was the avenue through which the US negotiated the release and return of American college student Otto Warmbier, sentenced to 15 years hard labor in North Korea for allegedly attempting to steal a political poster. He spent 17 months in detention and was returned to Ohio in June unresponsive with severe brain damage. He died less than a week after he arrived home.

• Another communication method is within North Korea itself, where the government of Sweden represents US diplomatic interests. Sweden enjoys a particular status in North Korea for being the first Western European nation to establish diplomatic relations with the Hermit Kingdom, and set up its embassy in Pyongyang in 1975. It hosts and sponsors talks, distributes aid that comes in through the UN and the Red Cross, and is a member of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Committee, which was set up to oversee the armistice and "promote trust between the two sides." In May this year the North Koreans allowed the Swedish embassy to pay a consular visit to four Americans in custody.

• Another avenue of contact? Along the de-militarized zone, or DMZ. North Korean military personnel communicate occasionally with duty officers on the other side of the demarcation line, among them South Korean and US military. There are small blue buildings that straddle the north and south with entrances on each side in the village of Panmunjom, located within the Joint Security Area of the DMZ, says Ripley. "It's not a regular occurrence, but talks do occasionally take place there," he said. "Each side would enter through their respective door and sit at the table."

• There is also what is known as the "1.5 Track" talks, where former envoys meet with North Korean diplomats in low key meetings around the world. "They are not publicized and are used to transmit messages back and forth," said David Maxwell, associate director of the Center for Security Studies at the Walsh School for Foreign Service at Georgetown University. "So there's multiple ways to communicate."

Good cop bad cop?

Rex Tillerson has remained committed to diplomacy and a "peaceful pressure campaign" while his commander-in-chief tweets threats against "madman" Kim Jong Un.

The burgeoning contrast between the digital pronouncements coming out of the Oval Office and the taciturn assertions from Tillerson have many questioning whether Trump is adopting a "madman theory" in dealing with North Korea, the notion that the president was unhinged and capable of dangerous behavior, a technique President Richard Nixon tried to employ with the Soviet Union and the North Vietnamese.

"Clearly it is part of his management style, which seems to be to undermine his people at every turn," said Christopher Hill, who represented the US in negotiations with Pyongyang during the George W. Bush administration.

"Trump's tweets undermine Tillerson's visit, leaving his interlocutors wondering why they are wasting the time to speak with him," Hill said in comments to the New York Times.

State Department spokesperson Heather Nauert made no mention of Trump's statements, instead reiterating Tillerson's words hours after the president's tweets circled the Internet. "Diplomatic channels are open for #KimJongUn for now," she tweeted on Sunday, tagging Trump in her post. "They won't be open forever @StateDept @potus."

The US has been in contact with North Korea since at least February and there have been lower-level talks, though none with US government representatives, CNN has reported. The meetings, led by US Special Representative for North Korea Policy Joseph Yun, have focused on Americans detained in North Korea.

What can talks achieve?

Even as he confirmed that he'd asked North Korea: "Would you like to talk?" Tillerson acknowledged that it would be an "incremental process."

"You'd be foolish to think you're going to sit down and say: 'OK, done, nuclear weapons gone'," he told reporters in Beijing. "This is going to be a process of engagement with North Korea that will be step-wise."

The closest the US came to an actual agreement with North Korea on its nuclear ambitions was in 1994 during the Clinton administration.

That year, the two countries signed the Agreed Framework, which outlined steps to freeze and eventually dismantle the program in exchange for energy assistance and light-water reactors. It would also have opened the way to a full normalization of economic and political relations. In 2000 then-Secretary of State Madeleine Albright visited Pyongyang.

The framework broke down in late 2002 and talks stalled when US intelligence agencies said they'd discovered a covert nuclear program and found that North Korea had purchased technology and equipment overseas. There were secret deals with Pakistan. In January 2003, North Korea withdrew from the Non-Proliferation Treaty.

"North Korea has cheated, lied, and stolen and reneged on every agreement," said Maxwell of Georgetown University, who advocates not for a return to negotiations, but a military-to-military relationship that focuses on continued deterrence.

"There's only one solution to this," he said. "The problem is that as long as the Kim family regime exists, its nuclear program will continue, its crimes against humanity conducted against its people will continue. We have to be realistic in that there is nothing we can do diplomatically through coercion or co-opting that will result in North Korea de-nuclearizing. There are no carrots or sticks."